NCERT MCQ Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

The ‘Angel of Progress’ was depicted with a flag and surrounded by machines, symbolising rapid industrialisation and the idea of the modern age as a time of technological advancement.

Proto-industrialisation refers to the phase where merchants moved to the countryside and got peasants and artisans to produce goods for an international market before factories became dominant.

The Spinning Jenny, devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, speeded up spinning and reduced the demand for manual labour, leading to worker unrest.

Cotton production boomed in Britain during the industrial era and became a symbol of the changes brought by industrialisation.

Guilds maintained control over crafts and trade, training craftsmen, controlling quality and price, and restricting new entrants.

Merchants faced restrictions from urban guilds, so they turned to the countryside for production to bypass these controls.

The fly shuttle was a mechanical device that speeded up weaving and allowed wider cloth to be woven more efficiently.

Indian merchants exported opium to China and traded tea from China to England, accumulating wealth for industrial investment.

With European monopoly over trade, traditional Indian ports like Surat and Hoogly lost their prominence and trade volume.

Gomasthas were paid agents who supervised weavers, collected supplies and ensured the quality of cloth for the East India Company.

Gomasthas were not from the weaving communities and often punished weavers for delays, leading to conflict.

When cotton supplies from America were cut off during the Civil War, Britain turned to India for cotton, raising prices and making raw material scarce for Indian weavers.

The first cotton mill in Bombay was established in 1854 and marked the beginning of large-scale mill industry in India.

Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman, established the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta.

The jobber was an old and trusted worker who recruited new employees, often from his own village, for the mills.

The swadeshi movement encouraged Indians to boycott foreign cloth and promoted Indian textile production.

Many workers moved between village and city, returning for harvests and jobs were scarce and competitive.

Advertisements with images and labels made foreign products familiar and respectable, increasing their marketability.

Manchester’s exports collapsed after the war and Indian factories gradually captured the home market.

In regions like Travancore, Madras, Mysore and Bengal, 70 to 80 percent of handlooms used fly shuttles, improving efficiency.